HEAMORRHOID /PILES
Piles ( Mulvyadh / Bavasir ), clinically known as Haemorrhoids, is the swelling of the blood vessels near the anal opening. An increased pressure on these blood vessels due to any reason, causes them to enlarge and swell, thus forming lumps which are occasionally felt at the anal opening.

FISTULA /BHAGANDAR
An anal fistula ( Bhagandar / Fistula in ano ) is a small channel that develops between the end of the bowel and the skin around the anus. It frequently is the result of a previous or current anal abscess. Fistula has a tract with two openings - Internal opening into the rectum or anal canal and External opening through the skin of the buttocks.

PILONIDAL SINUS/ SURAKH
A Pilonidal sinus also called Pilonidal cyst, Pilonidal abcess or Sacrococcygeal fistula is a cyst ( small sac ) or tunnel in the skin. It develops over the tailbone at the top of the cleft of the buttocks. The cyst usually contains hair and skin debris. More than one cyst may develop and these are linked by tunnels under the skin.

VARICOSE VEIN / SIRA KAUTILYA
Varicose veins are veins under the skin that have become swollen, twisted and bulging. They are usually seen in the legs and feet. They are quite common, and most of the time do not cause any problems. However, they can be disfiguring and be a cause for cosmetic concern in females.

The veins of the lower limb have one way valves that keep the blood moving towards the heart and prevent its backflow. If the valves are weak or become damaged, blood can back up and pool in the veins. Over time, the continuous pooling cause the veins to become stretched, swollen and tortuous. Raised pressure in these veins also causes development of spider veins and discoloured areas which look like bruises.

HERNIA
Hernia is a common condition affecting patients, espe- cially inguinal hernia in males and incisional hernia in females. Even though several types of surgery have been described for hernias, mesh hernioplasty remains the gold standard treatment. Majority of the hernias require surgical treatment leaving apart small asymptomatic direct hernias in the elderly. Today, laparoscopic hernia is becoming gold standard. Obstructed hernia is an emergency and late cases carry significant mortality.

APPENDICITIS
Acute appendicitis is the most common emergency encountered by the general surgeons. Men have slightly increased incidence of acute appendicitis compared to women. Incidence is 11 per 10,000 persons/year. Appendicectomy is a simple surgery, no doubt, but sometimes it can be very difficult and disappointing- sometimes one may not be able to find the appendix. Hence, appendicectomy should not be taken lightly. The th choice of surgery today is laparoscopic appendicec- tomy-one advantage being one can look into all quadrants of the abdomen-not to miss other causes such as perforated duodenal ulcer , etc. and very helpful to detect subhepatic appendicitis.